VEERAPANDIAN.K , Assistant Professor: 03/04/24

Monday, March 4, 2024

Why Do Diesel Engines Have A Depression In The Piston For The Combustion Chamber While Gasoline Engines Use Flat Pistons And Have A Depression In The Head Instead?

Petrol engines mix the fuel and air together and THEN ignite it

Diesels have the fuel burning as it is injected

This means that the fuel and the air have to find each other as it ignites - there is no time for it to mix

That bowl in the piston is designed to make the air swirl - like a smoke ring -

The injector is in the center and it will blast the fuel out of about six tiny nozzles to meet with the air swirling past

That way the air and the fuel find each other in order to burn

What Is The Maximum Temperature The Human Body Can Reach?

The maximum temperature the human body can reach is typically around 108 to 109 degrees Fahrenheit (42.2 to 42.8 degrees Celsius). At this point, the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, and hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) can lead to serious medical conditions, including heat stroke. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures or engaging in strenuous physical activity in a hot environment can contribute to an increase in body temperature.

It's important to note that sustaining a body temperature above 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) for an extended period can result in organ damage and life-threatening complications. In cases of severe hyperthermia, immediate medical attention is crucial to cool the body and prevent further harm.

Why Do Diesel Engines Have To Use Turbo?

Actually, it doesn't have to be; there are lots of NA diesel engines in circulation and use, but most modern ones are turbocharged to produce more power with the same or smaller engine capacity.

One common knock against diesel engines is their perceived lack of horsepower compared to gasoline engines. Diesel engines typically have lower RPM ranges, meaning they need more displacement (engine size) to achieve the same peak power as a gasoline engine. However, where they shine is in torque, offering more pulling power at lower revs. Think of it like lifting a heavy weight; a diesel engine would be like a steady, strong crane, while a petrol engine might be faster but have less torque.

I saw some Japanese diesel engines of the 1980s and '90s, often with hefty 2.5–3-liter capacities, that only managed to cough up 80–90 HP. Several factors likely contributed to this, ultimately leading manufacturers to embrace turbos. Size isn't everything, after all, and sometimes regulations or other constraints limit capacity increases. The addition of a turbo, then, became the key to unlocking more power while keeping the familiar engine footprint.

Take the Mitsubishi 4D56 engine (as shown above), for instance. It comes in two flavors: naturally aspirated (NA) and turbocharged. The NA version chugs along with a modest 74 horsepower, while its turbocharged cousin flexes its muscles with 99 horsepower. But that's not the end of the story. In its latest iteration, this engine pumps out a whopping 178 horsepower at 4000 rpm, a far cry from its humble beginnings. Now, the difference between the NA and turbo versions isn't just about brute force; I suspect there's some technological wizardry at play too.

There's a reason why many diesel engines, especially in commercial vehicles, pack a turbocharger under the hood. It all boils down to power. On their own, they can feel a bit sluggish in their naturally aspirated (NA) state. So, to give them the extra muscle needed for hauling or heavier tasks, manufacturers turn to the trusty turbocharger. It's a compact and relatively straightforward addition, making it a popular choice for boosting the diesel's oomph.

What is the difference between earthing and grounding?

Earthing:

Earthing refers to the connection of electrical systems or equipment to the Earth's conductive surface. The purpose of earthing is to provide a safe path for electrical faults, such as short circuits or electrical leakage, to flow into the ground. Earthing helps protect people and property from electric shock and minimizes the risk of fire or equipment damage.

In an electrical system, earthing typically involves connecting the non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment, such as metal enclosures or casings, to the Earth using conductive materials, like copper rods or metal plates. This connection creates a low-resistance path for fault currents to flow, enabling the protective devices, such as circuit breakers or fuses, to quickly detect and interrupt the fault, thereby preventing potential hazards.

Grounding:

Grounding, on the other hand, refers to the intentional connection of electrical systems or equipment to the Earth or a reference point in order to establish a common potential. Grounding is primarily used for signal reference, stability, and noise reduction purposes, rather than safety.

In electrical and electronic circuits, grounding provides a stable reference point for voltage measurements and helps minimize interference from external electromagnetic fields. It also serves to dissipate any static charges or voltage spikes that may accumulate in the system, helping to protect sensitive electronic components from damage.

Grounding is commonly achieved by connecting a circuit's reference point, such as the neutral conductor in an AC power system or the common ground in electronic circuits, to the Earth or a grounding electrode system. This helps maintain a consistent voltage potential across the circuit and facilitates the proper functioning of electrical and electronic devices.

Why do we return neutral to earth?

First, we have to debunk the assumption inherent in that question, which is that neutral does go to ground. It sometimes does, and sometimes does not, depending entirely on where you're working and what you're working on.

The National Electric Code (NFPA 70) requires that neutral and ground be bonded at the main service entrance for residential eletrical service. English translation: the ground bus and neutral bus in your main panel are solidly tied together (typically via a bonding strap). This is done in this and only this location! Bonding ground and neutral again elsewhere in the system will create parallel ground paths, which is very dangerous.

Now, for why the code requires this, we must get into a little bit of what each is designed to do. In a standard 120/240 residential service, each circuit will have 3 wires. A hot, neutral, and ground. Looking at them, it's easy to see that the hot and neutral are the same size and have the same insulation thickness while the ground wire is commonly bare (uninsulated) copper. That's because it is designed to do something different.

The hot wire is the path for current to flow from source (panel) to load (let's just say it's a convenience outlet).

The neutral wire is the return path for the current from the load. Electricity 101: electricity is created by the movement of charged particles, and that movement is because unbalanced electrons sense a path to ground, where they can become balanced again. Things in nature like to be balanced. Without a return path, there's no movement of electrons and thus no electricity. In a single phase branch circuit like our example, the current on the hot wire and neutral should be identical (unless we have some ground leakage, which is beyond the scope of this answer).

The ground wire is a low impendance pathway between things-that-might-become-energized-but-aren't-supposed-to-be (metal housings, copper pipes, steel structure, satellite dishes, and the like) and our grounding rod driven deep into the soil outside by the meter. When you wire in conduit using metal boxes, it's allowable to use the conduit bodies and boxes themselves as the ground. In houses you normally wire with romex and plastic boxes, and so a separate ground wire needs to be brought to each outlet.

So, what is the reason we connect ground and neutral? It's for safety. If you go to your main panel and remove the bond between ground and neutral, you have just created a system with a floating neutral, that is, a neutral that has no reference to earth ground. On the plus side, now you have a system where a ground fault (a specific type of short where the hot wire touches something grounded) does not trip a breaker. Sounds pretty awesome, right?! Except for the fact that in your system, when you get a ground fault, you don't know it. And, everything that is grounded may be energized up to system voltage. So, when you're washing dishes and your cat walks on the wet countertop (the countertop where your metal toaster also sits), zzzzzzaaaapp goes the kitty. Replace "kitty" with "toddler" and you can see why the NFPA went away from this type of grounding (believe it or not, they had a serious discussion about the merits of grounded vs. ungrounded for residential installations once upon a time).

Section 250 of the NEC deals extensively with grounding, and if you ever need to give yourself a headache or to fall asleep quickly, I highly recommend it.

If, by chance, you do read it at some point, you may notice that while the NFPA has all sorts of information about grounding requirements, they say very little about grounding on systems above 240 V. And that's because when you get above 240 V you're getting into engineered systems, where some poor electrical engineer is going to have to stamp design drawings and put his professional life on the line that his grounding design is both safe and effective. And indeed, it's common to see different types of grounding systems in industrial and commercial installations. Ungrounded, resistance grounded, and solidly grounded are all in use; sometimes all three at the same facility!

But for you, ground and neutral are connected at the main service entrance so that when you get a ground fault, you trip a breaker. It's a safety issue, with a minor secondary issue being improperly grounded equipment can be prone to premature failure.

Why is it called a C-type charger?

A C-type charger, also known as a USB-C charger, is a type of connector that is used to charge electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets. The "C" in USB-C stands for "Type-C", which refers to the shape of the connector.

USB-C is a relatively new standard for charging and data transfer that was introduced in 2014. It was developed by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), a group of companies that includes Apple, Google, HP, Intel, Microsoft, and others. The USB-C connector is smaller and more versatile than the older USB-A and USB-B connectors, which were larger and had a limited range of uses.

One of the key benefits of USB-C is that it can deliver much more power than the older USB standards. This means that it can be used to charge larger devices such as laptops and even some electric cars. USB-C is also capable of delivering data at much faster speeds than the older USB standards, which makes it ideal for transferring large files and streaming high-definition video.

The USB-C connector is also reversible, which means that it can be plugged in either way up. This is a significant improvement over the older USB connectors, which could only be plugged in one way. The reversible design of USB-C makes it much easier to use, especially in situations where you can't see the connector, such as when it's plugged into the back of a computer.

Another benefit of USB-C is that it's becoming more widely adopted by manufacturers of electronic devices. Many smartphones, laptops, and tablets now come with USB-C ports, which means that you can use the same charger to power multiple devices. This is a significant improvement over the older USB standards, which required different chargers for different devices.

In conclusion, USB-C is a relatively new standard for charging and data transfer that was developed by the USB Implementers Forum. The "C" in USB-C stands for "Type-C", which refers to the shape of the connector. USB-C is smaller and more versatile than the older USB standards, and it's capable of delivering more power and faster data transfer speeds. The reversible design of USB-C makes it much easier to use, and it's becoming more widely adopted by manufacturers of electronic devices.

20 Largest Electric SUVs (For Big Family & Long Trips) 2023

Source: quattroruote

We can see a huge rise in the number of large electric SUVs as their demand is increasing nowadays. Since there are more choices than ever, it’s no surprise that it can be hard to find the best one. There are several excellent options available; for example, the Tesla Model X Plaid, which can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 2.3 seconds under ideal circumstances.

Moreover, there are electric SUVs that can be driven in water as deep as four feet and on virtually any surface. If you’re seeking a full-size electric SUV, we’ve narrowed down some of the best SUVs available on the market. Remember that some of these are available in 2023, and some will be available in early 2024, but we already know the specifications and what to expect.

Here is the list of some of the largest electric SUVs in 2023:

1. Mercedes-Benz EQB:

This seven-seater was introduced in 2022 and hasn’t let anyone down. The EQB 300 is the best trim of all. It has a maximum range of 242 miles per charge. The EQB350, which can produce a respectable 288 horses, is the fastest trim, while the EQB300 offers 225 horses.

Mercedes-Benz EQB Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	188 horsepower
Combined Torque	284 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Front-wheel drive

With a range of 250 miles per charge, the EBQ250+ trim has the greatest range. This large electric SUV has a 66.5-kWh battery, and a Level 2 DC-fast charger takes 30 minutes to charge it. It has a beautiful interior with soft leather seats and rose gold accents. There is a lot of room for cargo, 62 cubic feet with the seats folded down and 22 cubic feet with the seats up.

2. Hyundai Ioniq 7:

The Ioniq 7 is supposed to come out in 2024, but it may not look like the concept SUV that was shown to the public. The concept car displayed to the public was essentially a mobile home, with an L-shaped couch available as an option for the middle seat row.

Hyundai Ioniq 7 Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	225 horsepower
Combined Torque	258 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Rear-wheel drive

Although the commercial version of the Ioniq 7 has not been unveiled, we may assume that it will have a range of more than 300 miles on a single charge. Since the Ioniq 7 is designed to give you choices, you should be able to choose how the interiors are set up and what options are included. The coach doors that have been built into the SUV for the rear doors are likely to stay to ensure ease of entrance for rear passengers.

3. Jaguar I-Pace:

This mid-size EV, Jaguar’s first all-electric SUV, was first on the market in 2019. There is only one trim, called “HSE,” which costs about $72,575, including destination fees. This electric SUV’s two electric motors can produce a respectable 394 horsepower and slightly over 500 pound-feet of torque.

Jaguar I-Pace Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	394 horsepower
Combined Torque	512 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

A typical DC fast-charging port can charge the 90.0-kWh battery pack from 10% to 80% in less than 40 minutes. There are 53.6 cubic feet of total cargo capacity inside, which is beautiful and roomy. Heated seats, four-zone climate control, and a wealth of other optional and useful features are also included in the interiors.

4. Audi Q8 e-Tron:

The Audi e-Tron was introduced in 2019, and a lot has changed since then, including the title. In 2022, it was renamed the Audi Q8 e-Tron. This all-wheel-drive SUV has two electric motors, one on the front axle and one on the back, and an 86.5-kWh battery pack that can make 355 horsepower. This SUV can temporarily produce 402 horses in “Sports Mode,” and performance trim can produce up to 496 horses.

Audi Q8 e-Tron Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	355 horsepower
Combined Torque	414 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

This electric SUV has 29 cubic feet of cargo space, but you get an extra 28 cubic feet when the seats are folded down. Audi’s “Virtual Cockpit” digital instrument cluster with two flush-mounted screens is standard inside. It also has cool tech for the driver, like seats that massage you, which makes it quite a catch.

5. NIO ES8:

A Chinese company created the NIO ES8, an electric SUV that has been manufactured since 2017. It was initially released for sale in its homeland for the 2018 model year, and it also began being sold in Norway in 2021. The possibility of the ES8 being imported for direct sale in American markets remains uncertain at this time.

NIO ES8 Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	644 horsepower
Combined Torque	535 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

The NIO ES8’s second edition debuted this year with improved specs. The main goal of the company’s leaders is to add AI to the software of the ES8 so that it can become a level 3 or higher self-driving car. Obviously, this is a difficult task, as the world has witnessed Tesla’s autopilot failures. However, that idea will eventually come to pass. It simply depends on who develops the technology first.

6. Kia EV9:

This electric SUV went into production in March 2023 and is scheduled to hit the market as a 2024 model later in the year. A six-seater and a seven-seater version of the Kia EV9 will be made available. The base trim will have a 76.7-kWh battery pack, while the AWD version and the Long Range trim will have a much more powerful 99.8-kWh battery pack that can go 280 miles on a single charge.

Kia EV9 Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	215 horsepower
Combined Torque	258 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Rear-wheel drive

The same can’t be said for the dual-motor version, but the dual-motor RWD version can make up to 201 horsepower, while the AWD versions can make up to 379 horsepower. A performance version is also planned, and it is predicted to produce an astounding 576 horses. However, this trim won’t hit the market until 2025.

7. VinFast VF9:

It will be the first all-electric SUV made by Vinfast, a relatively new automaker. The VinFast VF9 is a huge electric SUV made in Singapore that will be sold in the United States. Its specifications are unmatched in the industry. If you use the Enhanced Range battery pack, this seven-seater can go around 369 miles on a single charge.

Vinfast VF9 Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	402 horsepower
Combined Torque	457 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

A basic battery pack provides a reduced driving range of 272 miles. This dual-motor AWD has a good 402 horsepower and can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in just 6.3 seconds. The 15.6-inch touchscreen panel and voice-activated controls are clear inspirations from Tesla’s Model Y.

8. Rivian R1S:

This large EV SUV initially entered the market in 2022. The 2023 Rivian R1S is unquestionably a beast with incredible performance potential and unmatched features. For now, the only model available is the entry-level “Adventure,” which is expected to cost $79,800, and deliveries will start in 2024. One of the three possible AWD drive systems is optional for this EV SUV.

Rivian R1S Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	600 horsepower
Combined Torque	600 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

On a single charge, you can go 390 miles with either the standard or improved dual-motor AWD or 321 miles with the quad-motor AWD. Additionally, the off-road performance of this sizable EV SUV is excellent. You may drive on any surface and across the water that is three feet or deeper.

9. Volvo EX90:

The brand-new, all-electric Volvo EX90, which will be available in 2024, is expected to revolutionize the EV industry. The big EV SUV is now accepting reservations, and delivery will start in 2024. This 7-seater includes standing features like over-the-air upgrades and Lidar technology.

Volvo EX90 Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	402 horsepower
Combined Torque	671 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

This dual-motor AWD has a maximum horsepower output of 496 and a range of up to 300 miles per charge. With its 111 kWh battery pack, this EV can charge from 0 to 80 percent in just 30 minutes. This huge EV SUV also provides a sizeable 68.7 cubic feet of cargo room.

10. BMW iX:

It is one of the best electric SUVs available today, without a doubt! The all-electric BMW iX is priceless because of its incredible ride quality and stylish cabin. The iX boasts two motors and a huge 105.2-kWh battery pack. This dual-motor AWD can make 610 horses with the performance trim instead of the normal 516.

BMW iX Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	516 horsepower
Combined Torque	564 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

The iX costs as little as $87,100 and as much as $111,500! A panoramic sunroof with electrochromic shading is available as one of the interior’s cutting-edge features. Additionally, customers can choose cloth, real leather, or faux leather for their upholstery.

11. Tesla Model X:

The Tesla Model X is not only among the greatest large electric SUVs, but it is also among the fastest. The Model X Plaid, the performance version of the Model X, can accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in less than 2.5 seconds. The base trim’s two electric motors generate a stunning 532 horsepower, one on each axle. In comparison, the Plaid version produces 1020 horsepower due to its three electric motors.

Tesla Model X Specifications:

Motors	Dual
Combined Power	532 horsepower
Combined Torque	713 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

This SUV has a remarkable range of up to 348 miles per charge. This five-seat electric SUV’s 91 cubic feet of load room is outstanding. Also, the time it takes to charge is pretty good, but only if you use Tesla’s boost.

12. Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV:

This full-size electric SUV is one of the roomiest and most luxurious. The Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV, which was released in the autumn of 2022, is a larger, more practical version of the EQS luxury sedan. This seven-seater has 31 cubic feet of cargo space when the third row is folded down. If you push the third row down even more, you can get 74.2 cubic feet of space for cargo while still having room for five people.

Mercedes-Benz EQS SUV Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	355 horsepower
Combined Torque	419 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Rear-wheel drive

Additionally, depending on the trim you choose, you can receive 335 to 536 horsepower. With a 107.8-kWh battery pack, the base trim can go a good 305 miles on a single charge. For more expensive models, that number drops to 285 miles.

13. Lucid Gravity:

A seven-seat luxury SUV, the Lucid Gravity, is expected to hit the market in the first few months of 2024. The new company hasn’t said what the starting price will be or if there will be trim levels other than the base model, so you’ll just have to wait and see.

Lucid Gravity Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	480 horsepower
Combined Torque	443 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Front-wheel drive

The company claims that only its own Lucid Air, which can travel up to 516 miles, can match the new SUV’s range. Of course, that’s only true if Gravity is driven slowly, which won’t happen very often in a car that can go from 0 to 60 in less than 3 seconds.

14. Volkswagen ID. Buzz:

A VW bus hasn’t been available for sale on a platform of new cars for a long time. When it comes out in 2024, the Volkswagen ID. Buzz will not actually be a bus, but it will be big enough for up to 7 full-grown people and a few bags of clothes for a long road trip. Even though the new version of the old icon will look a lot like the original VW, it’s all about being current.

Volkswagen ID. Buzz Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	282 horsepower
Combined Torque	406 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Rear-wheel drive

One electric motor will be positioned on the back axle of the base model, but an additional motor can be added. This one will go on the front tire and give you a number. Buzz will be more capable when driving off-road if it has all-wheel drive. The VW bus won’t be made for heavy-duty off-roading, but you’ve probably seen what people have done with older classic bugs to make sand buggies.

15. Citreon e-Space Tourer:

For you, the Citreon e-Space Tourer might be more of a van than an SUV, but since it was made to carry people instead of things, many people see it as a big SUV. It was first offered as a people carrier around the turn of the 20th century and has remained in that role ever since. In 2023, the existing model’s three rows of seats will comfortably seat nine people in luxury and convenience.

Citreon e-Space Tourer Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	134 horsepower
Combined Torque	192 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Front-wheel drive

There are three driving modes, two energy recovery modes, and roughly a 150-mile range available with the e-Space Tourer. The Citreon was not designed for lengthy road trips, which is not much when compared to what other SUVs on this list are capable of.

Instead, the Citreon was designed to transport multiple passengers from point A to point B within a reasonable distance. For instance, moving employees across plants within the same city.

16. Nissan Ariya:

The brand-new, all-electric Nissan Ariya is a five-passenger SUV. Available with front- or all-wheel drive and a standard or extended-range battery, the comfortable Ariya is only hampered by its sluggish charging speeds.

Nissan Ariya Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	238 horsepower
Combined Torque	221 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Front-wheel drive

The standard battery in front-wheel-drive vehicles provides an estimated 216 miles of range, while the extended-range battery packs provide range estimates of 289 miles to 304 miles, depending on the car’s trim level.

Top Ariya trims also come with ProPilot Assist 2.0, which has hands-free driving capabilities to reduce the strain on drivers during long drives and regular commutes.

17. Lexus RZ:

The Lexus RZ is the first all-electric SUV produced by the luxury automaker, and it is a two-row, five-seat crossover. It excels in most categories but struggles with a narrow selection and expensive prices compared to most competitors. There are two trim levels available for the 5-seat Lexus RZ.

Lexus RZ Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	308 horsepower
Combined Torque	320 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

The RZ has a range of only 220 miles, and that’s just for the base model. Range decreases to an awful 196 miles when upgrading to one of the two variants with 20-inch wheels. The RZ is a good choice for Lexus fans and buyers who don’t need to drive long distances.

18. Mazda MX-30 EV:

The 2023 Mazda MX-30 EV boasts a number of attributes distinctive of this Japanese carmaker, including slick styling and excellent handling. However, the MX-30 EV isn’t a competitive option because it has a driving range significantly lower than other common electric vehicles.

Mazda MX-30 EV Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	340 horsepower
Combined Torque	325 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	Rear-wheel drive

The electric vehicle’s only real drawback is its low range of only 100 miles. Mazda says that this range is great for daily commuting, and for many customers, it probably is. However, range is one of the most important things that American car shoppers think about when buying an electric vehicle.

19: Volkswagen ID.4:

Volkswagen’s ID.4 electric crossover is the vehicle for people who prefer performance, comfort, and space to attractive style and excessive power. It’s not for people who place a high emphasis on performance. It has a classy, contemporary interior with high-quality materials and a classic SUV exterior.

Volkswagen ID.4 Specifications:

Motors	Single
Combined Power	201 horsepower
Combined Torque	229 pound-feet
Transmission	1-speed Direct drive
Drivetrain	Rear-wheel drive

For standard trim, a smaller battery has a 208-mile electric range. When equipped with a bigger battery, the ID.4’s all-wheel-drive system provides superior traction and torque for driving in wet and snowy conditions. Passing power is adequate, while the steering is tight and not overly heavy.

20. Audi e-Tron S:

The Audi e-tron S produces the horsepower and torque typical of an Audi S model, but having that much power in an EV reduces the number of miles it can travel. One motor drives the front wheels, two drive the rear wheels, and a remarkably capable computer manages torque vectoring to enable feats of acceleration and traction that go above and beyond what most enthusiasts would expect from an SUV.

Audi e-Tron S Specifications:

Motors	Three electric motors
Combined Power	429 horsepower
Combined Torque	596 pound-feet
Transmission	Direct drive
Drivetrain	All-wheel drive

The maximum range of the e-tron S is just 208 miles (212 miles for the Sportback e-Tron S). It may be able to reach 60 mph as quickly as or even quicker than some rivals, but it will be stopping to charge while the others continue to go. Additionally, this estimated range applies to e-tron S versions with the standard 20-inch alloy wheels. The range falls below 200 miles when the optional 22-inch wheels are added.

Conclusion

Large electric SUVs provide extra space, unmatched performance, and excellent range per mile. The demand for large electric SUVs is increasing day by day, and so is their production. But the huge number of options makes it difficult to choose the best one. We have narrowed down a list of the 20 best large electric SUVs of 2023 to make this choice easier for you. You can use this guide to select the SUV that best fits your needs.

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